Bi-Kappa Proton Mirror and Cyclotron Instabilities in the Solar Wind

Abstract The charged particles in the solar wind are often observed to possess a nonthermal tail velocity distribution function, feature that can be fitted with Kappa model. anisotropic, or bi-Kappa, model of protons, electrons, and other is thus adopted literature for interpreting data as well context analysis wave–particle interactions. present paper develops an approximate but efficient theory mirror cyclotron instabilities excited by bi-Kappa protons wind. A moment-based quasi-linear these also formulated order investigate saturation behavior. Applications formalism made close marginally unstable state, which typical near 1 au.